There have been many definitions of “life”. I think the simplest definition of life is this one: Life a system that acquires the substances and energy needed to continue to exist and to reproduce. If it fails to do this, it ceases to exist. Any such system is an organism.
By that definition, a virus is alive. It’s the simplest form of life: a packet of genetic information that drifts about until it latches onto a cell that it can invade. It then uses the cell to acquire the substance and energy it needs in order to reproduce.
Since a virus needs another organism to survive and reproduce, it is a parasite. Most parasites either do not harm their hosts or provide some benefit. A few (mostly microbes) are necessary for their host’s well-being and even continued existence. A few parasites harm their hosts, and some kill their hosts. A parasite species will survive only if its hosts do not die out.
It’s likely that many viruses, like many microbes, are not merely beneficial but necessary for their hosts’ well being. We know enough about bacilli, for example, to know that without them, we humans would have trouble digesting much of our food. We don’t know that much about viruses. But we do know that some of them kill bacteria that are dangerous to us. We also know that viruses can transport bits of DNA between species, and that this sometimes results in beneficial changes to an organism’s genome.
What all this amounts to is that we are woefully ignorant of viruses’ roles in the web of life. The handful that bother us create the impression that we would be better off without them. That is certainly false. We just don’t know enough. Yet.
Footnote: Very early on, some programmers wrote small programs with a rather strange property: they would use the computer’s operating system to write copies of themselves into every available memory space. Rewriting these programs so that they would send copies of themselves to other computers was the next step. Thus the computer virus. Are any of them alive? Yes, any virus that can prevent the computer from shutting down, thus maintaining the energy it needs for continued existence. Are there such computer viruses? I don't know. But anything I can imagine, anyone with similar information can imagine. Therefore, someone has imagined such a virus. And when a programmer can imagine a program's functions, creating the program is just a matter of time and effort.
Mostly book reviews, plus whatever else I feel like posting. I welcome comments and conversation. Comments are moderated, so it may take a day or two for your comment to appear. Or send a mail to wolfmac@sympatico.ca If you quote, please also link to this blog. If you like this blog, please follow it. Highest review rating is four stars ****
06 September 2021
What is Life? A comment on viruses.
02 September 2021
Covid Variant Mu
Covid variant Mu: Some tangential thoughts.
The Guardian reports on a new “variant of interest”, labelled Mu
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/01/who-monitoring-new-coronavirus-variant-named-mu
Mu may turn out to be a problem if it is more transmissible than Alpha or Delta, and/or can evade immune system defenses better. It all depends on whether it makes people sicker and/or kills more people. So it could be bad. Hence the monitoring.
However, if Mu turns out to be much more transmissible yet much milder in its effects than Alpha or Delta, it could be exactly what we want: A tolerable, flu-like version of covid. For higher transmissibility would enable it to outcompete the other variants. There would still be occasional epidemics of the more serious versions, as happens with the flu, but it’s likely that better treatments would blunt their effects.
In short, a highly transmissible but mild Mu could buy the time needed to develop good treatment and even better vaccines. Hope, or wishful thinking?
01 September 2021
A Web re-tangled (Burley's Wycliffe and The Tangled Web)
W. D. Burley. Wycliffe and the Tangled Web (1988) Hilda Clemo, beautiful, intelligent, and 17 years old, tells her boyfriend and assorted other folk that she is pregnant. Then she disappears. Wycliffe sees the missing persons report, and a vague unease prompts him to order a more thorough search and investigation. The tangled web of the title refers to past and present relationships, but the one that leads to her murder is simple jealousy. Another satisfying concoction.
Burley apparently preferred to write radio plays, and wrote the Wycliffe series because it paid. Radio play require the ability to suggest character and ambience in dialogue, skills that make his potboiler novels above average. Burley is very good at pacing the narrative slowly enough to create tension, and fast enough to maintain curiosity.
A re-read. Either I’m mellowing, or I saw more in the story this time round, since I’m rating it half a star higher. ***
27 August 2021
Trade and Music (Lapham's Quarterlies)
Lapham’s Quarterly XII-2: Trade (2019) Exchange of favours is not a human species-specific trait, but organised trade is. It’s one of the constants of human culture. All human societies regulate exchange, ranging from customs and conventions to formal rules and laws governing everything from weights and measures to contracts.
The bits and pieces assembled here remind us that many humans will cheat if they can get away with it, hence the need for law. They also remind us that humans have co-operated from the beginning to gain advantages in trading, ranging from guilds and cartels to international agreements governing trade between cities and nations. The corresponding counter is conventions and agreements that give everyone the same opportunities for fair trading.
Trading rules within societies (families, tribes, and eventually larger communities) ensured that essentials were produced and shared equitably. Trading between such groups ensured that necessary and desirable materials and products reached those who needed and wanted them. Trade made us what we are today: the most wide-spread and successful animal on Earth. It also encouraged the development of our most dangerous vice, greed, which has brought us to the point of no return in climate change.
In short, trade is essential to human beings, and trade requires honest dealing and justice. It also raises a question: Was it trade that distinguished us from our sibling species, the Neanderthals, Denisovians, and others? Was it trade that gave us the advantages that enabled us to outcompete them? I see no obvious method for answering this question, but I think it’s an important one. Equally important is the question of how we can adapt our trading practices to survive climate change.
Another good collection. Pretty well all past issues are available from the publisher; some have been reprinted as annual sets. ****
Lapham’s Quarterly X-4: Music (2017) I enjoyed the pieces by the musicians and composers best. Mixes of memoir, technical discussions, and reviews. They gave me insights not only into how music-makers experience the world and their art, but also into why I find music an essential part of my life. Music “sounds the way feelings feel”, to quote a phrase from Suzanne Langer’s Philosophy in a New Key (1957). David Levitin’s researches into the neurology of music support that insight.
There have been many speculations about the source of music’s power and of the human need to make it, and the attempts to justify or ban it on theological, moral, or philosophical grounds. The excerpts here are interesting as evidence of how all attempts at understanding ourselves are predicated on and hence limited by contemporary assumptions about reality. They may have satisfied the writers and their readers, but reading them now I was continually distracted by current knowledge of neurology, and a wider experience of music than some of these writers had. They also demonstrate the role of culture in music: in most cultures, music is assumed to be a finished art, and students are taught to emulate and replicate music as defined by their predecessors. The notion that art should be new, that an artist should create new and original works even when within a tradition, that notion seems to be peculiarly European, and a recent one, too.
There are several fascinating bits about the instruments. All are versions of the three basic technologies: pipes, strings, and drums. ****
Clocks mark the Crime. (Christie's The Clocks)
Agatha Christie. The Clocks. (1963) An absurdly complicated murder: Sheila Webb, a typist from an agency, arrives at her supposed client’s house, goes into the sitting room as directed, and finds a dead man behind the sofa. Miss Pebham, her supposed client, denies having asked for her. The dead man’s jacket pocket yields a business card for a non-existent insurance agency. And so begins a very tangled story, which Poirot does not solve until (as usual) a chance remark rearranges the facts into a satisfying solution.
The problem and solution is pure Christie: improbably complex, made plausible only because of the careful plotting and characterisation that creates the illusion of character-driven choices. It’s the asides that makes this book worth reading. There’s a charming passage in which Poirot pontificates on his reading of crime fiction (having exhausted the available true crime literature with which he has enlivened his retirement). There’s a suitable young man, Colin Lamb, whose secret service career is the reason for his being on hand when Sheila rushes from the house screaming with fear. There are venal and over-confident baddies, persons of interest, red herrings, and enough ambience to satisfy those of us who read Christie for the nostalgia.
All in all, a well done entertainment, above average for Christie. ***½
17 August 2021
Two Sci-Fi Anthologies: Pohl and Nebula Awards
Frederik Pohl. Day Million (1970) In his introduction, Pohl says that these tales have only two things in common: One is they were written by “myself” – I put it like that because I’m not really entirely sure that that 20-year-old who banged out It’s A Young World is much like the 50-year-old who is telling you about it now. The other is that are all “science fiction.” He goes on to puzzle over the label for the genre, noting that much “science fiction” contains no science at all. At the time he wrote, the genre was still widely dissed as adolescent trash. But many of the classics Gulliver's Travels, 1984) are in fact what we label “science fiction”. If we consider any fiction to be an extended answer to “What if?”, then all fiction is “science fiction”.
Pohl wrote for the pulps, which means he had to write stories that sold, which means that they couldn’t be too different. Readers expect both the familiar and the new, but the new had better be a variation or extension of the familiar. Johnson said that the purpose of art is “to make the new familiar and the familiar new”. “Science fiction” is the art that specialises in that endeavour. Pohl was a master. The story he wrote when he was 20 years old still stretches the reader’s expectations. The world it describes has been set up to enable the immortal leaders of the stellar empire(s) to recover their psychological equilibrium and emotional strength.
Any of Pohl’s tales is worth reading. *** to ****
James Blish. Nebula Award Stories Number Five (1970) The three award-winning stories, plus three add-ons, and a couple of essays about the state of science fiction in the 1960s, which I didn’t read. The stories are all worth reading. The best I think is Ursula Leguin’s Nine Lives, a meditation on what makes us individuals, via the fancy that a team of ten clones would feel and act as one. When nine of them are killed, the survivor is faced with the a life of appalling loneliness.
Terror also figures in Silverberg’s Passengers: he posits invasion by entities that “ride” humans by taking over their brains. It’s a literal take on enthusiasm, which originally meant being inhabited by a god (en- “in” thus- “god” -(i)asm “state or condition”). Recall Shakespeare’s “As flies are we to the gods, they kill us for their sport.”
*** to ****
26 July 2021
Planes glide through the air like fish
A comment by an ex-airman in a newsgroup prompted me to publish this as a separate post. It's also available on the Page of Stories.
Before I knew why airplanes stayed up, I thought they glided through the air like fish through water. Later I found out it wasn’t like that at all, a fish can’t fall to the bottom of the lake because it has a pocket of air inside it, but a plane stays up because it moves. Sharks don’t have a pocket of air, they must keep moving or they will fall to the bottom like an airplane falling from the sky.
We lived by a lake, whose clear water revealed the bottom six or more feet down. The fish were dark slashes against the grey green silt, or a swift gleam of silver as they turned. In the mornings and evenings, the fishers went out on the lake to set and fetch their nets.
The fishers stood up in a long flat bottomed boat, leaning and straightening as they pumped the square bladed oar, he tall and stooped in the stern, she short and round in the bow. They’re shovelling water, I thought, I didn’t understand how that could move the boat forward. The fishers stuck the small fish onto pine splints which they ranged in the smoke house chimney. The smoked fish tasted salt and sweet at the same time when one gnawed them off the wood.
I watched the fishers mend nets, watched their hands and fingers move out and back with a twist as they fed and knotted the line with a flat, narrow piece of wood. I didn’t see how the line could make a knot with only one end free. The nets hung on frames made of pine poles, moving in the wind like waves on the water, bleached white and soft by the sun.
Many years later, in another country, I learned Bernoulli’s equations and Boyle’s law, and understood how air moving over the wing made the wing lift the plane. For a few weeks I understood the equations that defined drag and turbulence, too, well enough to pass the test. Now I understand only their meaning, a lovely interplay of velocity, pressure and viscosity, with which the airplane designer and pilot co-operate.
I learned a lot of other things too, I understood the engineer’s and metal worker’s craft, their exquisite skill lavished on the bombers that glided through the sky, making death beautiful and distant.
The bombers looked like fish against the sky, gleaming silver, but not like fish, sliding across the blue air, steady and inexorable, and making a sound you felt in your bones, a sound that struck across the sky and flowed into the earth and came up through your feet and made your teeth buzz. Then black flowers bloomed on the horizon where the railway junction was. Many years later I saw pictures of black chrysanthemums, they bloomed like smoke against a blue sky. My friend’s mother died among the roots of one of those flowers, but that was before he was my friend, before we even knew of each other’s existence.
One day a plane came in low over our house, and fell into the lake, trailing a black and orange flag. My mother said my brother could see the pilot’s face, I must have seen it too as I stood next to my brother, but he can remember it and I can’t, I wonder if that’s why he hides his melancholy. I hide mine too, but not in the same way, he bursts out in sudden attacks of craziness, roaring like a monster, pretending to be Grendel, or the giant that ate an Englishman and ground his bones for bread. My Grandpa read us that story, I loved the bits where Jack steals the gold and the hen and the harp, and runs to the beanstalk along the winding cloudy road. The harp betrayed the thief, an early lesson on the deviousness of artists.
I tell people I’m fine, when they ask. I ask them, too, and they tell me they are fine. We tell each other we are fine, making up a fine story about how fine the world is, and what a fine time we are having this fine afternoon, while we eat a fine meal made on a fine barbecue in a fine garden owned by a fine neighbourly neighbour.
For several weeks, I understood the equations that explained airplanes, then we wrote a test and I forgot them. I didn’t forget what they explained. Whenever I look at a plane I see the air flow over its wings, faster on top and slower underneath, holding up the plane, a plane that weighs more than the largest steam locomotive ever built, and as the jet climbs into the sky like a man going up a flight of stairs, I know that if the air peels off the wings in unseen swirls and whirlpools, the plane will crash, but we won’t make a white splash in the water because there’s no lake under us, just grass and asphalt. A black and orange flower will bloom in the field at the end of the runway.
When the fishers pump the oar, eddies and swirls peel off it and press against the blade, and that presses the boat forward. What brings down the plane moves the boat forward. Nature has her ways. If you work with her, she rewards you with flying planes and gliding boats.
My cousin and I used to go into the park next to our house. The oaks and beeches and maples and pines and firs and sycamores made it a quiet place, the only sounds the rustle of the leaves high above us and the scuff of our feet in the duff. We thought of it as a secret place, known only to us, a source of treasure, a landscape of adventure. Once we saw the wreck of an airplane caught high in the branches of the trees. We took one of the transformers that had come loose and fallen to the ground, and for a long time after we had fine copper wire to play with, varnished a rich mahogany red. My cousin told me we could make snares and catch fish, or make electrical stuff, if we wanted. Just thinking about the possibilities hidden in the coils of fine, dark red wire was enough, it made us happy. We hid the transformer in the gazebo and took it out to relish the technical perfection of its windings, fine as hair.
A day or two after we found the transformer we were forbidden to go into the park, a prohibition we could not understand until we heard talk among the grownups about the dead pilot of the airplane hanging in the branches of the sycamore tree. We waited for our chance and crept back into the park but the wreck had been removed. As usual, the grownups had spoiled our fun, but we were used to it, and went about our business.
When it rained, the snails came out of the underbrush, their shells banded yellow and black and sometimes orange. The shells gleamed in the wet. I gathered up the snails and set them on the pine-log railing of the gazebo and waited for them to race each other. The snails came out from their shells, waving their antennae, testing the air for danger. They crawled over the curve of the railing and fell into the grass and disappeared.
One day the sirens moaned while I was building forts and jetties with the rocks at the edge of the water. I ran up the slope to the road, a cyclist rushing home knocked me over. The wheels of his bike scraped my bare belly, there was no other injury. My mother dressed us in two layers of underwear, and two layers of overcoats, the topmost one made from a bright red blanket. We must have looked like little red snowmen. The woollen vest itched, I cried with vexation in the cellar. We heard the bombers fly over, they seemed closer this time, perhaps the cellar magnified their sound, it came out of the ceiling and the floor and the walls. When the bombs hit the railway yards, we felt the thump, and a small cloud of dust drifted down from the ceiling. The lights flickered and went out. One of the grownups lit a candle, the light made a boundary around us like a wall. We huddled up next to Mother, and felt secure. But the vest still itched.
When I hear sirens in a war movie these days, something grabs my throat and squeezes tears from my eyes.
I visited the lake again recently. The mountains that stood on the opposite shore still stand there, self-sufficient and silent. High above them, a contrail divides the sky. I can’t see the plane, but I know it glides through the air like a fish glides through water.
Dick Whittington - What Really Happened (Sitwell, 1945)
Osbert Sitwell. The True Story of Dick Whittington (1946) My great-aunt Dolly gave me this book in 1949. I wonder whether she read it firs...
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John Cunningham. The Tin Star (Collier’s, December 4, 1947) The short story adapted for High Noon . As often happens, the movie retains v...
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I heard the phrase recently. Can’t recall exactly when. It was uttered on a radio program, but I can’t recall what the program was about. Pr...
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Today we remember those whom we sent into war on our behalf, and who gave everything they had. They gave their lives. I want to think a...







