Reay Tannahill. Sex in History (1980)

     Reay Tannahill. Sex in History (1980) A nicely done survey of sexual customs and practices from as far back as they can be inferred from archaeological data up to the 1970s. Tannahill notes that through most of recorded history women were oppressed and sex was controlled. Even in the most libertine eras, there were strict limits on what was permissible, and usually a barrier between public and private behaviours.
     The great change from pagan (Roman) practices and early Christian ones came about because of St. Augustine and St. Jerome’s hang-ups. Both men were terrified of women and sex. This prompted them to misread Paul’s comments, easy enough to do, since Paul himself was somewhat ambivalent about the place and value of sex. He accepted the Jewish tradition of sex as a sacred duty and joy within marriage, but also approved of celibacy (an un-Jewish concept), mostly, it seems, because of the disgust aroused by the libertine Romans. Christians were to live a pure life, which meant one as unlike the Romans as possible.
     Sex inevitably includes marriage and family, and that’s the nexus of social and legal control. Marriage has always been seen as a duty and a means of controlling property. Ironically, the Christian emphasis on limiting sex to marriage in the long run strengthened the family as a personal relationship, so that we’ve now arrived at the stage where people see no connection between duty and marriage. Women are somewhat less oppressed now than they were 30 years ago. Young women take it for granted that they can do what they want, and “domestic violence” is not only no longer accepted, there is a determined effort to at least minimise it. That is of course in the West. In most of the world, females are still considered the less important sex. *** (2010)