Voices in Summer (book)

Rosamunde Pilcher Voices in Summer (1984) An old-fashioned, discreet, and nice romance. Nothing much happens. The flyleaf blurb says Pilcher creates fine wholesome characters, but the fact is they’re so bland that they’re not very interesting. There’s a mild mystery, which is resolved when Silvia, a widow,  admits to having written poison pen letters in order to capture her childhood sweetheart Alec by turning him against his young wife, Laura. But even that revelation lacks tension, in part because Silvia’s bundled off decently and discreetly to a mental hospital.
     Laura supposed to be devastated by the death of her dog, but you can’t persuade a reader by telling him she’s depressed, you have to show it. Also, she’s recovering from some mysterious operation that is supposed to fix her womb so she can have a long-desired baby, but I for one don’t believe it matters all that much to her. The divorced Alec’s child by his first wife shows up (and conveniently falls in love with Alec’s uncle’s stepson Ivan, and he with her), the old nanny is going senile, and so on.
     All potentially very interesting stuff, with lots of scope for tensions, unresolved conflicts, and ancient hurts, but Pilcher glides over the surface of these matters like one of those water-striding insects over a pond. Scarcely a ripple disturbs the placid surface of the charmed upper-middle-class life of these people. It’s all too nice to be true. It’s frustrating when one can see ways of improving the story, both in style and substance. Pilcher apparently has achieved some fame since the 80s as a minor Maeve Binchy, but I won’t be reading another one. I will sample Binchy, though. Well-written soap-opera can have great interest. * (2000)

Reflections on Language (Chomsky, 1975) With two updates

     Noam Chomsky Reflections on Language (1975) Chomsky’s famous book defending his

view that there is some innate language-learning capability, and that details of its nature are at least in part accessible to empirical research. A dense text, made more so by NC’s irritating habit of using letters where fictitious names would do just as well, or words would do better. Also, several of his examples purportedly showing some universal grammatical rule don’t in fact do so, but merely demonstrate some of the quirks of English grammar.
     His general thesis is IMO valid enough. He points out that it’s a specific example of the general rule that theories are under-determined by evidence, in that language as experienced by the child does not offer any transparent clues to its nature, content, and form. Clearly, children must have some sort of decoding capacity built in, else they could not arrive at language competence (which they do).
     The maxim of indeterminacy of theories is one that critics and supporters of science would do well to remember. Many people believe, falsely, that science deals in certainties, that if something is scientifically proven, it’s certain. It’s not. It’s just proven. OTOH, non-scientific beliefs aren’t proven. At best, there are grounds for belief, a phrase that means that supporting evidence in the speaker’s opinion outweighs refuting evidence.
     This is not the best book to give a person who wants to find out something about why the preponderant opinion is that children have an instinct to learn language and will do so with a minimal amount of environmental input (and often in despite of it!) ** (2000)

     Update 2012: On reflection, I think that Chomsky has made a number of errors because he focuses on written rather than on spoken language. His famous distinction between surface and deep structure IMO demonstrates that he has a tin ear for speech. Intonation differentiates what he calls surface and deep structure very nicely. Intonation is in fact essential. Chomsky should have asked himself, Why do English speakers agree pretty well 100% on which bits of sound form a word?

     Update 20250502: I discovered a few weeks ago that NC was unilingual. I think that's the reason for the erroneous claim of the surface/deep structure of  language. Any multilingual knows that intonation is an essential aspect of every language spoken by humans. Intonation defines both the structure (syntax) of an utterance, and defines the semantics of what would otherwise be identical utterances.  For example, in English a rising inflection signals a question, or incompleteness, or an invitation to agree, etc, depending on context and dialect.

     For an example of intonational semantics, say the following sentence 5 times, stressing a different word in it each time: "He arrived here this morning." Then do the same with a  rising inflection.

     One of the problems in every stage production is the right or best intonation for every speech. Consider also the semantic role of intonation in Mandarin and related languages.

Eat the Rich (book)

     P. J. O’Rourke Eat the Rich (1998) PJ is influenced by Friedman, and it shows. He makes the same mistakes Friedman makes: a) he confuses wealth and money; b) he assumes the market is honest; and c) he ignores the environment ("externals"). Apart from that, he makes many useful points about economics, even if he doesn’t follow through on them, and draws inconsistent conclusions from them/
     He’s right that the market is, despite its messiness, the best way to allocate economic resources. But he (like his mentor Friedman) has several blind spots. The worst is his assumption that prices are efficient when they reflect the intersection between the desire of the seller to get the highest price and the buyer’s desire to pay the lowest. He sees no necessary connection between price and costs; he doesn’t even mention this relationship. Yet he believes that subsidies for businesses are bad, and doesn’t see why: It’s because subsidies cause misstatement of the cost of goods, false prices, if you will.. So, he doesn’t see that government-built infrastructure is a subsidy; he thinks infrastructure one of the functions of government. For example, government-built highways allow truckers to operate at less than the true cost of trucking, and so underprice their services. This means that railroads can’t compete on short haul, small shipments (they could when their competition was horse-drawn transport, remember.) It seems to me that if government is to supply infrastructure, it must somehow price such goods so that each user pays a correct share of the cost. Variable license fees and taxes are the only way to do this. However, trucking companies are successful in keeping their licence fees and taxes below their share of the cost of highways. PJ would approve of this. He believes in as little (and as inexpensive) government as possible. He doesn't see less cost for government means higher costs elsewhere in the economy.
     He’s wrong about government’s redistribution function, which he thinks is evil. All economies are engines of redistribution, and the question must always be, what’s redistributed for whose benefit and under whose control.. He doesn’t ask this question, and in fact trashes the idea that government should bring some sort of fairness into the redistribution. He’s right about that, but for the wrong reason. Government must redistribute the demand for wealth (ie, money) so that the suppliers have a reasonably stable customer base. To put it another way: when the economy produces large quantities of wealth, as ours does, the problem is no longer scarcity but surplus. That means that the problem becomes one of consumption, not of production.
     PJ seems to have some inkling of this in his brief attack on military spending (done as a throw-away comment, by the way.) But, as usual, he doesn’t follow through, because he can’t conceive of any common, ie public, interest that supervenes individual desire. (He has misread Adam Smith, as so many Friedmanites do). He doesn’t in other words draw the obvious (to me ) conclusion that government spending on military hardware etc is a misallocation of resources, and a profound distortion of the market. If the money so spent were distributed more or less evenly to everyone, it would quickly find its way into the pockets of those who supply what most people want, which is neither war nor the preparation for war.
     But most of all PJ is wrong about the desirability of getting rich, in part because he has such an infantile notion of wealth. He’s quite right to say that free market capitalism (however badly implemented) is a fabulous engine of wealth creation. He doesn’t ask whether the prices paid for wealth reflect their true costs. He twits the Swedes for borrowing their prosperity, but he doesn’t ask the obvious question whether environmental degradation isn’t a more serious form of borrowing wealth.
     Part of the reason PJ doesn’t ask this question is that he doesn’t really understand money. He says it’s a symbol, and a medium of exchange, yet he still thinks of being wealthy as having lots of money. This confusion of wealth and money is a fundamental error, and leads to the insane notion that the function of an economy is to create money. Or rather, that the more money is made, the richer people are. Yet at the same time, PJ uses money correctly in a number of cases, such as in measuring relative levels of consumption (GDP per person). It’ exasperating to see someone staring at a bunch of trees and and unable to see a forest.
     The book is irritating because PJ insinuates a lot of wrong-headed notions even as he criticises equally wrong-headed ones. **

The W Heath Robinson Story Book (book)

     Anonymous. The W Heath Robinson Story Book (1979) A compilation of stories first published in Playbox Annual (1916-25), republished to show off Robinson’s drawings. They are in the same graphic style as Beardsley's flowing curlicued lines and large black areas. Very nice to look at. Robinson of course had a less louche sensibility than Beardsley, but both were fascinated by the bizarre and the fantastic. Robinson introduces all kinds of odd and endearing details: for example, when the frogs answer the Frog King’s summons, they bring their families - tadpoles, of course! The illustrations suit the stories very well: they provide a lovely dream-like, funny but also edgy quality to the book.
     The stories themselves are told in a clear, straightforward style, well adapted to young readers, who mostly want to know what happens next. Most of the tales are quests, in which the hero (often a younger, foolish brother) encounters a variety of magical helpers, and has the wit to both accept and use them. If there is a message in them, it’s that you should listen to whatever advice  you get, no matter how weird it sounds. Names and other details indicate that the stories are adapted from folk-lore  collections (at the time folk lore was major academic industry).  The number of magical, black-box-like devices that assist the heroes is astonishing, as is the general mundaneness of the rewards: the Princess, of course, but mostly jewellery and food. I suppose these witness to the hard and dreary life of the original tellers of these tales. A good read, and worth looking at carefully. ***

Guns, Germs, and Steel (book)

     Jared Diamond Guns, Germs, and Steel (1999) Diamond’s thesis is simple: in the long run, over several thousand years, what determined the dominance of Eurasia in human history was its early development of food production, and this in turn was governed by climate, ecology, and geography. These interacted. The ecology provided a large suite of plants and animals for domestication, and the geography gave Eurasia a wide band of similar climates within which to diffuse the new technology. By contrast, Africa and the Americas had a much smaller suite of plants and no large mammals suitable for domestication, while Australia had essentially none. Africa and the American continents also had climatic and geographic barriers to north-south diffusion of food production when it was developed.
     The thesis is persuasive, and Diamond’s point that long-term trends in history cannot have been influenced very much by culture or idiosyncratic accidents such as the rise of some anomalous individuals. He is also acutely aware of short term culturally determined twists in history. For example, the adoption of new technologies is influenced by a culture’s openness; but a culture that doesn’t quickly adopt new techniques will be overwhelmed (conquered, out-competed) by cultures that do. But individual decisions by rulers over large coherent cultures can have long-term consequences: China’s long decline in technology was caused by internal power struggles, and that’s why Western Eurasia dominates today rather than China. And so on.
     What might be called the E-C-G theory of history sounds like a theory that explains everything, but not quite. Diamond claims that it is a statistical theory: it can explain, and to some extent predict, large scale phenomena, but not small scale ones. In this respect human history is like all historical sciences, and Diamond insists that human history can be brought to a more objectively scientific state by learning from the  the methodologies of the other, simpler, historical sciences. These sciences are even capable of a kind of prediction: If theory X is true, then certain should be found in the historical record. In his defence of historical sciences Diamond doesn’t quite say what I want to say: Physics has been so spectacularly successful because it’s simple.
     A rich and suggestive book, made better by Diamond’s ability, unusual in an American academic, to write clearly. **** (2000)

The Hollow (book)

Agatha Christie The Hollow (1946) Late period Christie. John Christow, Harley street doctor and medical researcher, is murdered, and everything at first points towards Gerda his wife; then all clues point away, but  lead nowhere. Poirot eventually realises that this is the most important clue, and manages to arrive on the scene just as the wife is about to murder Henrietta, the dead man’s mistress (who, along with the other members of the Angakell clan, has been protecting her.) Christie takes more time developing character in this book, and has some interesting things to say about the creative process via Henrietta, who is a sculptor, and the scientific mind, via Poirot (of course), John Christow, and John’s son Terence.
     Christie does some nice satire on the upper classes, and her portrait of Lucy Angakell, an amiable sociopath, is priceless. Other Christie motifs: the long shadows of the past, the plight of the working woman, the malign effects of over submissiveness, the nature of obsessive relationships, the persistence of feudal attitudes in modern England, and ironic but retributive justice (Gerda  dies by drinking the poisoned tea she intended for Henrietta).
     Very well done. Could make a very good three or four part series. This book marks the beginning of Christie’s late phase, when she allows herself the luxury of digressions and extended character portrayal instead of sticking closely to the puzzle plot. The effect is that the plot becomes more complex than the puzzle, which makes the book much more interesting. She doesn’t always carry it off (in her last books, she rambles too much), but when as here she integrates all the apparent digressions into the main line of the story, the result is very effective. ****

Smoking (and quitting)

For some reason, smoking came up in conversation this evening. At one time, I smoked 30 or more cigarettes per day. Today, that would cost me $12-$15 per day here in Ontario. Enough to buy a car.

I quite not by trying to quit, but by deciding I would not have the next cigarette. Within two weeks I was longer smoking, but I relapsed twice. Now I haven't had that next cigarette for forty years.

The Meme Machine (book)

Susan Blackmore The Meme Machine (1999). Blackmore explicates an extended version of Dawkins notion of memes. It constitutes a rough theory of memes. She starts by observing that humans are imitators -- in fact, other animals hardly imitate at all, and even the ones who do (e.g., parrots) imitate a limited range of behaviours, whereas humans imitate just about everything. She thinks this behaviour a) needs explaining; and b) has consequences. The consequence she sees are memes (short for mimemes). A meme is whatever a human imitates. It can be relatively simple (e.g., a handshake) or quite complex (eg, a song.) Memes can combine into memeplexes.
     The most significant aspect of memes is that by being imitated they are replicated. If we now look at things from their point of view, they are replicators -- and replicators inevitably evolve. Blackmore’s explanation of evolution from this p.o.v is excellent. She draws various conclusions, some of which are clearly testable (and she says so) and some of which aren’t. The most interesting general conclusions are as follows:
     First, that human culture is an effect of memes' evolution. Those memes that replicate successfully constitute the culture. And the culture changes because of course the replicators continually evolve. Humans continually invent new behaviours, because imitations aren’t necessarily exact, and memes may be varied or combined with other memes. Any new memes or variations of existing ones may (not) be easy to copy (whatever that means), so some new memes will proliferate at the expense of existing memes. Thus the culture changes. This is most obvious in the case of fashion, but can be seen in other aspects of culture.
     Second, that memeplexes may include memes accidentally, in which case these memes survive not by intrinsic merit but because they are dragged along by the successful replicators.
     Third, that the most successful memeplexes include religions.
      Fourth, that when memes first appeared, that is when humans became better imitators, whatever genes were implicated both in imitation and in improved survival of the imitators would also spread. This, she thinks, may account for both the very large human brain and for language. Both the large brain and the language are good for memes.
     Fifth, that memes may proliferate to the detriment of their carriers, and may therefore in the long term destroy their own vehicles.
     Sixth, that the self or ‘I’ is an illusion, a memeplex. From this last conclusion she speculates further that it is possible to live without this illusion, and points to various mystical traditions that say much the same thing. Her last chapter is a re-writing of Buddhist doctrine, and therefore also resonates with Christian and other mysticisms.
     A very interesting book, which I shall reread.
****

Money and Class in America (book)

Lewis Lapham Money and Class in America (1988) Lapham’s jeremiad against money worship in the USA. A text rich in anecdotes supporting statistical generalisations. Lapham was raised within an upper-class San Francisco family, and should have become another of the idle rich. Instead, he went to work as a journalist. His origins gave him unquestioned access to the rich, his work gave him opportunities to publish his observations. His subtitle is Notes and Observations on the Civil Religion, which indicates his thesis. The upper classes worship money; the rest of us have taken up the same faith.
     Lapham documents the corrosive effects of this worship, and I emphasise documents. The effects are in the first instance personal: money worshippers find themselves ever emptier of, and ever more hungry for,  the satisfactions they believe money will supply. But the upper classes are also the rulers, for they can suborn the democratic governments that could and should keep them in their place. And the upper classes are role models, so that the people ape their soi-disant betters, and fall into the same trap.
     Thus the effects of money worship are seen at every level – the personal, social, cultural, economic, and political. Lapham is too shrewd to claim that his thesis amounts to a  theory of American decline, and certainly doesn’t claim that it explains everything. But it explains a lot. The obvious parallels to Rome before the barbarian invasions and France before the Revolution are lightly sketched, but not less frightening than a thorough analysis would be – more frightening, in fact.
     Lapham writes well, and has a knack for the summary epigram and the bizarrely accurate simile. Eg, “[The rich man] never knows why other people do what they do because it never occurs to him that other people have obligations to anyone other than himself.” 

**** (2000)
      Update 2012:  Current reality is worse than Lapham foresaw.

This Immortal (Zelazny, 1966)

Roger Zelazny This Immortal (1966). A picaresque adventure, during which the narrator-hero is under surveillance (unbeknownst to him) to determine whether he would be the right person to “inherit” the Earth.

    Interesting background: A Three Day War has destroyed a large part of Earth, leaving Hot Spots and mutants, many of which resemble the creatures of myth. The off-Earth government wants to sell out to the Vegans, and become their servant class. The Vegans are an old and wise civilisation, and most of them behave ethically, too. The radical political party wants to eliminate the Vegans, whom they suspect of making a  catalogue of things to buy, and have a hired an assassin to do it. He and the hero are old friends; etc etc etc – lots of pseudo-portentous hero-type talk ensues. The hero also happens to be an immortal. 

     In the 60s, SF wasn’t very sophisticated, and far too much time is spent on gee-whiz heroics of the video game kind. Zelazny’s concepts are worth developing in a full scale future history series, but so far as I know he never followed up on this book. A fairly good read, especially the first half, in which the culture is presented and enough complications are started to serve a half a dozen novels. But it diminishes into a straight adventure-travel story. ** (2000)

The Early Orgins of Autism (Article

Patricia M. Rodier The Early Origins of Autism, Scientific American, 282/2 (February 2000), 56-63. Survey of several significant recent results: A) autists have large structural deficits in the brains stem (very small facial nuclei; absent superior olives; 0.2mm separation layer vs 1.1mm normal size.); B) these structural deficits imply damage of malfunction in fetal development in the 3rd to 4th week, early enough that most women do not even know they have conceived; C) Thalidomide victims have an incidence of autism some 30 times higher than in the general population; D) the low but significantly higher incidence of autism and autistic signs in families indicates that several genes are involved; E) One of the genes, HOXA1 has been identified.
     For me the most interesting finding is the atrophied facial nucleus. This bundle of neurons controls the facial and cranial nerves, and so is involved in facial expressions. Autists have poor or absent facial expressions; and they cannot read facial expressions in other people. This suggests to me that autists do not experience changes in facial expression that accompany changes in emotion; and so they have no subjective experience to relate to other people’s facial expressions. Thus, they do not respond to changes in facial expression, as normal babies do, and so they do not develop appropriate responses to the signs of emotion in other people. Note that Temple Grandin (an autist who has written a book about her life) remarks that she cannot recognise other people’s emotions - she must calculate or estimate them. She must also select the appropriate response expression (facial or verbal) from a consciously assembled catalogue.
     If the recent discoveries are supported in future research, the implications for understanding the relationship between genome and development are profound. Autists have a brain-stem deficit, which results in a behavioural deficit, which results in incorrect or inappropriate interaction with their environment, which results in incorrect (or unsuitable) response from their environment, and so on. It’s a kind of vicious circle. The deficit is augmented by the lack of environmental clues that might trigger the development that would (at least in part) make up for the deficit! One can generalise this idea to other phenomena quite easily. The basic idea is that the genome and the environment must interact correctly for normal development to take place. If the child is incapable of correct responses to the environment, the environment (ie, other people) will not interact appropriately with it, and so it will miss the environmental cues that guide normal development. There is some support for this hypothesis: eg, Downs syndrome children provided with simplified and exaggerated versions of suitable cues can and do develop much further towards normalcy than do children deprived of these cues. In fact, it seems that if they are provided with suitable cues, they usually reach the low-normal range of intellectual and the normal range of social functioning.  Great article. **** (2000)

Black Holes and Baby Universes (book)

Stephen Hawking Black Holes and Baby Universe (1993) Collected essays and talks on the subjects indicated, and others. Hawking is worth reading. His disability (on which he gives some reflections) forces him to be pithy. He does allow himself the occasional joke, and has obviously read widely. The repetitive nature of the subjects he has been asked to discuss in public makes for some repeated paragraphs (I think he reuses previously written material, as well he should.)  I enjoyed this book a lot. PS: I am one of those who have read his Brief History of Time. **** (2000)

Crazy for You

George Gershwin Crazy for You. (Great Performances, PBS 12 Jan 2000.) Revival at the Paperthin Theatre in New York, 1997ff.  A wonderfully polished version of this entertaining and charmingly silly story. Well-designed costumes, with just the right subtle exaggeration, impeccably timed dance and comic schticks, some of the best songs Gershwin ever wrote, and superior video techniques. One of the pleasures of the play are the allusions to other plays, movies, and songs. **** (2000)